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This is because the digital computers that are running software are often the only control path between the pilot and aircraft's flight control surfaces. Dangerous characteristics such as stalling, spinning and pilot-induced oscillation (PIO), which depend mainly on the stability and structure of the aircraft concerned rather than the control system itself, are dependent on the pilot's actions. Since the flight-control computers continuously feedback the environment, pilot's workloads can be reduced. This system also included solid-state components and system redundancy, was designed to be integrated with a computerised navigation and automatic search and track radar, was flyable from ground control with data uplink and downlink, and provided artificial feel (feedback) to the pilot. A "mixed" control system with mechanical backup feedbacks any rudder elevation directly to the pilot and therefore makes closed loop (feedback) systems senseless. In 1941, Karl Otto Altvater, who was an engineer at Siemens, developed and tested the first fly-by-wire system for the Heinkel He 111, in which the aircraft was fully controlled by electronic impulses. The first electronic fly-by-wire testbed operated by the U.S. Arrow was cancelled with five built) until Concorde in 1969, which became the first fly-by-wire airliner.

Servo-electrically operated control surfaces were first tested in the 1930s on the Soviet Tupolev ANT-20. The hydraulic circuits are similar except that mechanical servo valves are replaced with electrically controlled servo valves, operated by the electronic controller. It is reported that enhancements are mostly software upgrades to existing fully computerized digital fly-by-wire flight control systems. Flight International. 5 April 1986. p. All "fly-by-wire" flight control systems eliminate the complexity, the fragility and the weight of the mechanical circuit of the hydromechanical or electromechanical flight control systems - each being replaced with electronic circuits. Circuits with larger currents (such as for electric furnaces, water heaters, air conditioners, or sub-mains to additional circuit panels) will have larger conductors. Since references to Mini ATX have been removed from ATX specifications since the adoption of microATX, the AOpen definition is the more contemporary term and the one listed above is apparently only of historical significance. There were no "half-open" connections; once one end initiated a tear-down of the connection, the whole connection would be closed (i.e., ADSP is full-duplex, not dual simplex). A connection attempt could be rejected. Military Telegraph Corps (USMT) had laid approximately 300 miles (480 km) of line.

In 1854, the government in London created a military Telegraph Detachment for the Army commanded by an officer of the Royal Engineers. The controllers at each surface receive these commands and then move actuators attached to the control surface until it has moved to where the flight control computer commanded it to. Briere D. and Traverse, P. (1993) "Airbus A320/A330/A340 Electrical Flight Controls: A Family of Fault-Tolerant Systems Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine" Proc. It’s sometimes said that the ghost in the machine at the Treasury is Rupert Harrison, Osborne’s chief of staff, who happens to be a former student of Stewart Wood, the Oxford don who is now Ed Miliband’s trusted consigliere. It’s that, in the short run, you take a big hit but, in the long run, you get respect. In the latter half of the 1800s, several inventors worked towards creating a method for doing just that, including Charles Bourseul, Thomas Edison, Elisha Gray, and Alexander Graham Bell.

In addition, Columbia University released the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP) which implemented the protocol suite for various Unix flavors including Ultrix, SunOS, BSD and IRIX. One example is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a local area network up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and coaxial cables). Cox, John (30 March 2014). "Ask the Captain: What does 'fly by wire' mean?". John Wiley & Sons. The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has ruled that consumers can obtain a cable card from their local MSO to authorize viewing digital channels. Aircraft systems may be quadruplexed (four independent channels) to prevent loss of signals in the case of failure of one or even two channels. These have three or four flight-control computers operating in parallel and three or four separate data buses connecting them with each control surface. The controllers measure the position of the flight control surface with sensors such as LVDTs. While traditional mechanical or hydraulic control systems usually fail gradually, the loss of all flight control computers immediately renders the aircraft uncontrollable. Both systems often require redundant backup to deal with failures, which increases weight.

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